Returning References

Returning by-reference is useful when you want to use a function to find which variable a reference should be bound to. Do not use return-by-reference to increase performance, the engine is smart enough to optimize this on its own. Only return references when you have a valid technical reason to do it! To return references, use this syntax:

<?php
function &find_var($param)
{
    /* ...code... */
    return $found_var;
}

$foo =& find_var($bar);
$foo->x = 2;
?>

In this example, the property of the object returned by the find_var function would be set, not the copy, as it would be without using reference syntax.

Note: Unlike parameter passing, here you have to use & in both places - to indicate that you return by-reference, not a copy as usual, and to indicate that reference binding, rather than usual assignment, should be done for $foo.

Note: If you try to return a reference from a function with the syntax: return ($found_var); this will not work as you are attempting to return the result of an expression, and not a variable, by reference. You can only return variables by reference from a function - nothing else. E_NOTICE error is issued since PHP 4.4.0 and PHP 5.1.0 if the code tries to return a dynamic expression or a result of the new operator.